Test Engineer

**About the chair CASTOR**:
Decarbonization requires some significant evolutions in the architecture of transportation systems. Many sub-systems, such as the propulsive unit or the air conditioning systems, are impacted, and the turbomachinery involvedin those subsystems needs to be adapted. In the electrification process, the efficient operating range requirementfor turbines and compressors must be significantly increased compared with the current state of the art. Thechair CASTOR is a research program of cooperation between Liebherr Aerospace, a recognized air conditioningsystem provider for the aeronautic industry, and ISAE-Supaero, who has acknowledged research activity in theoff-design operation of radial turbomachinery. The main objective of the chair is to increase the operability range ofcentrifugal compressors and radial turbines. A research team of ISAE-Supaero faculty members, Liebherr experts,Post-doctoral searchers, PhD students, Technical staff and students in internship will be dedicated to this ambitiousfour-year program.

**Context and motivations**:
A reliable measurement of efficiency is mandatory to meet the objectives of Castor.However, the stages developed by Liebherr induce difficultie which forbids a strict comparison with numericalsimulations: (i) the small size of the stages exacerbates the intrusivity of the probes (ii) the outlet flow heterogeneityis difficult to measure, (iii) the heat transfer distorts the work exchange measurement, based on total temperaturevariations, (iv) the tip clearance depends on the operating point and (v) the flow inlet properties (humidity) canchange during operation. Those difficulties are recurrent on the test benches of Liebherr and also appeared on thetwo test benches devoted to radial turbomachinery.

**Some improvements are required for all these questions, and recommendations have to be defined.**

**Work description**:
**Here is a short description of those campaigns, in their current state of definition**:

- regarding the flow heterogeneity, a dual approach will be conducted and applied to the turbine outlet,

which naturally provides a radially stratified flow. The first part involves accurate measurements of the
local pressure and temperature with miniaturized five-hole probes and hot wire traverse to help identify the
stratified flow. Original conditioning of 2 wires probes, one in hot wire configuration and the other one in
cold wire setting, will be attempted to reach fluctuating passive devices mixing the stratified flow will be
used. A preliminary calibration with fluctuating pressure and temperature will be developed for that purpose.
This campaign should provide accurate knowledge of the real flow. The second part is more pragmatic and
uses passive devices that mix the stratified flow before measuring the gas state. Such a measurement will be
compared to different averaging of the previously measured stratified flow. The consequences on the overall
efficiency measurement will be established;
- regarding heat transfers, the large database of Liebherr will be explored. Also, a reference situation, as

close as possible from adiabatic, is required. For that purpose, a specific campaign for which the temperature
at the inlet will be regulated according to the value of the compressor outlet since most of the heat transfer
comes from metallic diffusion. Extensive metal temperature probes will characterize it. Insulation of the
casing will limit heat exchange with the atmosphere. Then tests conducted in diabatic conditions with the
same geometry will characterize the deviation induced by heat transfer. The use of nodal models, available
at Liebherr, fed with the metal temperature recording will also help that characterization. Finally, pragmatic
corrections based on the literature survey will be attempted;
- regarding the tip clearance evolution, fast response displacement laser sensorswill be set in the same

fashion as fast response sensors. This implies prototype casings with optical access. The minimum distance
recorded by the signal will represent the tip of the blade and be tracked by phase-locked analysis. Simultaneous
measurement of the casing deformation will give access to the tip clearance value. Those tests will take place
first at the lab, then some measurement will be attempted on the test benches of Liebherr.
- regarding the inlet conditions, many variations will be attempted by changing the treatment of the

supplied air. The possibility to heat the inlet air or use the vacuum system of DAEP to suck instead of
blowing offers a large possibility of exploitation. On the Liebherr side, the test bench dedicated to fuel cells
enables to control the moisture of the air. A parametric study distributed on the two sites will then quantify
the efficiency measurement’s sensitivity to the air’s exact state at the inlet of both compressors and turbines.
The influence of outlet icing on the accuracy of the different measurements will b